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1.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1535141

ABSTRACT

Background: Primary aldosteronism is a disorder due to excessive aldosterone production in the presence of low renin levels. It is an underdiagnosed pathology despite its simple screening. Establishing the unilateral or bilateral location represents the greatest diagnostic challenge and is crucial to define the therapeutic approach. Adrenal venous catheterization (AVC) is the best test to establish the location, but it is invasive and expensive. New predictive markers of laterality are being developed. Case series presentation: We present a case series of 8 patients diagnosed with primary aldosteronism due to arterial hypertension with hypokalaemia, elevated aldosterone-renin ratio and compatible computed tomography. 4 patients underwent adrenal venous catheterization. Conclusion: In patients who underwent catheterization as well as in those who did not, the Küpers score adequately predicted lateralization in 75% of cases and it could be a useful tool to discriminate unilateral from bilateral aldosteronism.


Introducción: El hiperaldosteronismo primario es un desorden debido a una producción excesiva de aldosterona en presencia de niveles bajos de renina. Es una patología infradiagnosticada a pesar de su simple tamizaje. Definir la localización unilateral o bilateral representa el más importante desafío diagnóstico y es crucial para el abordaje terapéutico. El cateterismo venoso adrenal (CVA) es la mejor prueba para establecer la localización, pero es invasivo y costoso. Nuevos marcadores predictivos de unilateralidad se encuentran en desarrollo. Presentación de serie de casos: Presentamos una serie de casos de 8 pacientes diagnosticados con hiperaldosteronismo primario debido a hipertensión arterial con hipocalemia, radio aldosterona-renina elevado y tomografía compatible. 4 pacientes fueron sometidos a cateterismo venoso adrenal. Conclusión: Tanto en los pacientes que fueron sometidos a cateterismo venoso adrenal como en los que no, el score de Küpers predijo adecuadamente la lateralidad en 75% de los casos y puede ser una herramienta útil para diferenciar el hiperaldosteronismo unilateral del bilateral.

2.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 82(4): 558-563, 20220509. graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1405701

ABSTRACT

Abstract Unilateral primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common surgically correctable cause of hypertension. Determination of success after laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) is limited by the lack of standardized criteria. We sought to evaluate the surgical recurrence and functional outcomes of LA in patients with Conn's syndrome applying the primary aldosteronism surgical outcome (PASO) Criteria. Descriptive obser vational analysis of patients treated with LA due to confirmed u nilateral Conn's syndrome between May 2007 and August 2020: Twenty patients were included in the cohort; 16 patients had TLA and other four PLA [58% male, median age 47 (IQR: 44-59.5) years and median follow-up of 64 (IQR: 2-156) ] months. Median tumor size was 1.2 (0.8-1.8) cm. No conversions to open surgery were recorded and the overall morbidity of the series was 1/20. No surgical or biochemical recurrence was observed. Five patients were excluded from the analysis of functional results due to lack of follow-up. According to the PASO criteria, complete, partial, and no success were observed in 8/15, 6/15, and 1/15, respectively. The surgical treatment of the disease is supported by the literature, and we were able to reproduce the results of other series. The use of standardized and reproducible criteria to assess its functional results would be essential for a more complete and integrated evaluation of adrenal surgery.


Resumen El hiperaldosteronismo primario es la causa más frecuente de hipertensión secundaria pasible de tratamiento quirúrgico. La determinación del éxito de la adrenalectomía laparoscópica (AL), actualmente, está limitada por la falta de criterios estandarizados. Buscamos evaluar la tasa de recurrencia quirúrgica y los resultados funcionales de la AL en pacientes con Síndrome de Conn aplicando los criterios PASO (primary aldosteronism surgical outcome). Análisis descriptivo y observacional de pacientes tratados con AL en contexto de síndrome de Conn unilateral confirmado, entre Mayo-2007 y Agosto-2020. Se incluyeron 20 pacientes en el estudio; 16 pacientes tratados mediante AL total y 4 con AL parcial (55% hombres, edad mediana de 47 (IQR: 44-59.5) años y mediana de seguimiento 64 (IQR: 2-156) meses. La mediana de tamaño tumoral fue de 1.2 (0.8-1.8) cm. No se registraron conversiones a cirugía abierta y la morbilidad global de la serie: 1/20. No se observó recurrencia quirúrgica o bioquímica. Se excluyeron 5 pacientes en el análisis de resultados funcionales por falta de seguimiento. Según los criterios PASO, se observó un éxito completo, parcial y ausente en 8/15, 6/15 y 1/15, respectivamente. El tratamiento quirúrgico de la enfermedad es avalado por la literatura y pudimos reproducir los resultados de otras series. El uso estandarizado y reproducible de criterios para valorar sus resul tados funcionales sería fundamental para una evaluación más completa e integrada de la cirugía suprarrenal.

3.
Rev. chil. endocrinol. diabetes ; 15(1): 12-18, 2022. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1359333

ABSTRACT

El hiperaldosteronismo primario (HAP) es la causa más común de hipertensión arterial secundaria. A pesar de la prevalencia del HAP (6-10%) y sus consecuencias, los mecanismos que median los efectos deletéreos renales y extrarenales originados por la aldosterona más allá de la hipertensión arterial (ej. inflamación renal, alteraciones cardiacas y disfunción vascular), siguen siendo poco conocidos. Estudios previos sugieren que el exceso de aldosterona aumentaría proteínas sensibles a la activación del receptor de mineralocorticoides (MR), como las lipocalinas LCN2 (NGAL) y ORM1. OBJETIVO: Determinar la concentración de las lipocalinas ORM1, NGAL y NGAL-MMP9 en sujetos HAP. SUJETOS Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohorte transversal en sujetos adultos (similares en sexo, edad e IMC) separados en controles normotensos (CTL), hipertensos esenciales (HE) y con screening positivo de HAP (aldosterona ≥9 ng/dL y ARP < 1 ng/mL*h acorde a las guías internacionales de HAP). Se determinó la presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD), aldosterona plasmática, actividad renina plasmática (ARP) y la relación aldosterona / actividad de renina plasmática (ARR). Se determinó la concentración de NGAL, NGAL-MMP9 y ORM1 en suero por ELISA. RESULTADOS: Detectamos mayores niveles de ORM1 en sujetos HAP. No se detectaron diferencias en NGAL ni NGAL-MMP9 entre los grupos. Detectamos una asociación positiva de ORM1 con ARP (rho= -0,407, p=0,012) y con ARR (rho= 0,380 p= 0,021). CONCLUSIÓN: La mayor concentración de ORM1 en sujetos HAP y las asociaciones de ORM1 con aldosterona, ARP y ARR, proponen a esta proteína como un potencial biomarcador de HAP y de utilidad en el desarrollo de algoritmos diagnósticos de HAP.


Primary hyperaldosteronism (PA) is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. Despite the prevalence of PA (6-10%) and its consequences, the mechanisms that mediate the deleterious renal and extrarenal effects caused by aldosterone beyond arterial hypertension (eg renal inflammation, cardiac alterations and vascular dysfunction), remain barely known. Previous studies suggest that excess aldosterone would increase proteins sensitive to activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), such as lipocalins LCN2 (NGAL) and ORM1. AIM: To determine the concentration of the lipocalins ORM1, NGAL and NGAL-MMP9 in PA subjects. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study in adult subjects (similar in sex, age and BMI) grouped as normotensive controls (CTL), essential hypertensive (HE) and subjects with positive PA screening (aldosterone ≥ 9 ng/dL and PRA <1 ng/mL*h, according to international PA guidelines). Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, plasma aldosterone, plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma aldosterone renin ratio (ARR) were determined. The concentration of NGAL, NGAL-MMP9 and ORM1 in serum was determined by ELISA. RESULTS: We detected higher levels Recibido: 03-09-2021 of ORM1 in PA subjects. No differences in NGAL or NGAL-MMP9 were detected between the groups. We detected a positive association of ORM1 with ARP (rho = -0.407, p < 0.05) and with ARR (rho = 0.380 p <0.05). CONCLUSION: The high levels of ORM1 in PA subjects and the associations of ORM1 with aldosterone, ARP and ARR, suggest ORM1 is a potential biomarker of PA, and useful in the development of a diagnostic algorithm for PA.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Orosomucoid/analysis , Biomarkers/blood , Lipocalins/analysis , Lipocalins/blood , Hyperaldosteronism/blood , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Cross-Sectional Studies , Cohort Studies , Renin/analysis , Aldosterone/blood , Arterial Pressure , Hyperaldosteronism/diagnosis , Hypertension/diagnosis
4.
Rev. bras. hipertens ; 28(1): 44-47, 10 març. 2021.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1367894

ABSTRACT

A maioria dos pacientes com hipertensão arterial (HA) não tem etiologia clara e é classificada como hipertensão primária. No entanto, 5% a 10% desses pacientes podem ter hipertensão secundária, o que indica presença de uma causa subjacente e potencialmente reversível. Em adultos com 65 anos ou mais, estenose da artéria renal aterosclerótica, insuficiência renal e hipotireoidismo são causas comuns. A hipertensão secundária deve ser considerada na presença de sintomas e sinais sugestivos, como hipertensão grave ou resistente, idade de início inferior a 30 anos (especialmente antes da puberdade), hipertensão maligna ou acelerada e aumento agudo da pressão arterial a partir de leituras previamente estáveis. Outras causas subjacentes da hipertensão secundária incluem hiperaldosteronismo, apneia obstrutiva do sono, feocromocitoma, síndrome de Cushing, doença da tireoide, coarctação da aorta e uso de certos medicamentos. A hipertensão arterial resistente (HAR) é definida quando a pressão arterial (PA) permanece acima das metas recomendadas com o uso de três anti-hipertensivos de diferentes classes, incluindo um bloqueador do sistema renina- -angiotensina (inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina [IECA] ou bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina [BRA]), um bloqueador dos canais de cálcio (BCC) de ação prolongada e um diurético tiazídico (DT) de longa ação em doses máximas preconizadas e toleradas, administradas com frequência, dosagem apropriada e comprovada adesão. Hipertensão arterial acompanhada de supressão da atividade da renina plasmática (ARP) e aumento da excreção de aldosterona caracteriza a síndrome de aldosteronismo primário. Esse quadro foi descrito, pela primeira vez em 1955 por Conn, em um paciente hipertenso grave hipocalêmico e com secreção elevada de aldosterona, que submetido à adrenalectomia direita resultou em cura da HA


Patients with arterial hypertension have no clear etiology and are classified as primary hypertension. However, 5% to 10% of these with hypertension may have the secondary form of disease, which indicates the presence of an underlying and potentially reversible cause. In adults aged 65 and over, the common causes of secondary hypertension are atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis, renal failure and hypothyroidism. Secondary hypertension should be considered in the presence of suggestive symptoms and signs, such as severe or resistant hypertension, age at onset less than 30 years (especially before puberty), malignant or accelerated hypertension and acute increase in blood pressure from previously stable readings. Other underlying causes of secondary hypertension include hyperaldosteronism, obstructive sleep apnea, pheochromocytoma, Cushing's syndrome, thyroid disease, coarctation of the aorta and use of others medications. Resistant arterial hypertension is defined when blood pressure remains above the recommended targets with the use of three antihypertensives of different classes, including a blocker of the renin-angiotensin system (inhibitor of the angiotensin-converting enzyme or angiotensin receptor blocker ), a calcium channel blocker and a thiazide diuretic in maximum recommended and tolerated doses, administered frequently, appropriate dosage and proven adherence. Arterial hypertension accompanied by suppression of plasma renin activity and increased aldosterone excretion characterizes the primary aldosteronism syndrome. This condition was described in 1955 by Conn, in a severe hypohypokalemic hypertensive patient with high aldosterone secretion, who underwent right adrenalectomy resulted in a cure for the hypertension


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Aged , Eplerenone/therapeutic use , Hyperaldosteronism/drug therapy , Hypertension/drug therapy
5.
Bol. Hosp. Viña del Mar ; 76(2-3): 72-77, 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1398038

ABSTRACT

La Hipertensión arterial (HTA) es una de las enfermedades crónicas más prevalentes en la actualidad, determinando una gran morbimortalidad. Una de las causas más importantes de HTA de origen secundario es el Hiperaldosteronismo Primario (HAP), esta es la causa de origen endocrino más prevalente. El HAP consiste en una liberación autónoma de Aldosterona desde la glándula suprarrenal, siendo esta independiente de los mecanismos de regulación del organismo. La prevalencia de HAP es variable debido a los diferentes métodos de tamizaje y diagnóstico utilizados, siendo más frecuente en pacientes con HTA de características atípicas. Los pacientes con HAP tienen un mayor riesgo de presentar Eventos Cardiovasculares Mayores. Los métodos de tamizaje recomendados son la medición de la Relación Aldosterona-Renina. Posterior a la detección de los pacientes se deben realizar pruebas de confirmación diagnóstica. Se realiza una puesta al día del diagnóstico de HAP como una forma de recordar que es una causa importante de HTA.


Hypertension (HT) is currently one of the most prevalent chronic diseases and is the cause of much mortality and morbidity. One of the most important causes of secondary HT is primary aldosteronism (PA), this being the most prevalent endocrine cause. PA consists of an autonomous liberation of aldosterone by the adrenal glands which is independent of the body's regulatory mechanisms. The prevalence of primary aldosteronism varies depending on which screening or diagnostic method is used and is more frequent in patients with atypical HT. Primary aldosteronism sufferers are at greater risk of suffering a major cardiovascular event. Recommended screening methods measure the aldosterone/renin ratio. After detection, the patient should undergo a confirmatory diagnostic test. We provide an update on the diagnosis of PA as a reminder that it is an important cause of HT.

6.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 79(3): 185-190, June 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1020056

ABSTRACT

El diagnóstico de hiperaldosteronismo primario (HPAP) aumentó en los últimos años y algunos autores lo consideran la principal causa de hipertensión arterial secundaria. Estudiamos la prevalencia de HPAP en el total de pacientes hipertensos atendidos en la Unidad de Hipertensión Arterial, en el período comprendido entre julio 1999 a julio 2017. Se incluyeron 2500 pacientes y en 79 se diagnosticó HPAP (3.2%). El HPAP fue más frecuente en mujeres (55.7%), observándose un incremento en la edad geriátrica con relación a estudios previos (27.8%). El diagnóstico se sospechó ante la presencia de kaliuria inapropiada y alcalosis metabólica, acompañada de un cociente aldosterona/actividad de renina plasmática superior a 30 (ng/dl)/(ng/ ml/h). Tras su confirmación se realizaron estudios de imagen para determinar la etiología. Se detectaron así 29 casos (36.8%) de adenomas productores de aldosterona y 5 de hiperplasia bilateral suprarrenal con nódulos. La tomografía computarizada identificó el 100% de los adenomas y de las hiperplasias con nódulos corticales bilaterales. El tratamiento con suprarrenalectomía y/o antialdosterónicos resultó eficaz en el control de la presión arterial en el 69.9% de los casos. Se comentan aspectos particulares de esta serie, como la remisión de la insuficiencia renal, la elevada presencia de litiasis urinaria hipercalciúrica y la detección de un carcinoma de mama tras dosis prolongadas de espironolactona.


The diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism (PHPA) has progressively increased over the last years and some authors consider it as the main cause of secondary hypertension. We studied the prevalence of PHPA in hypertensive patients followed at the Hypertension Unit from July 1999 to July 2017. A total of 2500 patients were included and diagnosis of PHPA was done in 79 of them (3.2%). It was more frequent in women (55.7%) with an increased incidence in the elderly, as compared to previous studies (27.8%). Initial diagnosis was suspected upon the presence of inappropriate kaliuria and metabolic alkalosis, associated to an aldosterone/plasma renin activity ratio > 30 (ng/dl)/(ng/ml/h). After confirmation of the presence of PA, imaging techniques to determine the etiology were performed. In this way, 29 cases (36.8%) of aldosterone-producing adenoma and 5 cases of bilateral adrenal hyperplasia with nodules were identified. Computed tomography identified the adenomas and hyperplasias with bilateral cortical nodules in all patients. Adrenalectomy and/o r antialdosteronics were efficient in controlling blood pressure in 69.9% of cases. Of note in this series was the remission of stage 3 chronic renal failure in two cases, the high prevalence of hypercalciuric urinary lithiasis and a case of breast carcinoma after prolonged treatment with spironolactone.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Hyperaldosteronism/diagnosis , Hypertension/etiology , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Cross-Sectional Studies , Retrospective Studies , Renin/blood , Aldosterone/blood , Hyperaldosteronism/complications , Hyperaldosteronism/blood
7.
Rev. Nac. (Itauguá) ; 11(1): 116-123, junio 2019.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS, BDNPAR | ID: biblio-997068

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN La hipertensión arterial es una afección pandémica responsable de varias complicaciones cardiovasculares, neurológicas y renales. La gran mayoría se debe a la hipertensión esencial o primaria, pero cada vez se diagnostican más casos de hipertensión arterial secundaria, ya sea de causa endocrinológica, renal o neurológica. Se presenta un caso de hipertensión secundaria a hiperaldosteronismo primario.


ABSTRACT Hypertension is a pandemic worldwide, being responsible for several cardiovascular, neurological and renal complications. The vast majority is due to essential or primary hypertension, but more and more cases of secondary arterial hypertension are diagnosed, either due to endocrinological, renal or neurological causes. Next, an hypertension case of secondary to primary hyperaldosteronism is presented.

8.
Rev. chil. endocrinol. diabetes ; 11(3): 108-113, jul. 2018. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-915204

ABSTRACT

Adrenal incidentalomas are an increasingly common pathology. Although historically they have been considered largely non-functioning, recent evidence suggests that the usually performed study is incomplete and/or not sensitive enough. In the last decade the clinical spectrum of adrenal hypercortisolism has expanded considerably, including milder cases which are also associated with cardiovascular morbidity and even mortality. Furthermore, primary aldosteronism has also expanded beyond the classic phenotype with advanced vascular damage, resistant hypertension and hypokalemia, currently including asymptomatic, normotensive and normokalemic patients. For this reason, a correct protocolized study is essential in all adrenal incidentalomas, including a precise radiological characterization, as well as a systematic hormonal evaluation using more sensitive cut points. The findings of this workup are relevant, because they allow a more individualized approach to the medical and surgical management of these patients.


Los incidentalomas suprarrenales son una patología cada vez más frecuente. Si bien históricamente han sido considerados no funcionantes en su gran mayoría, evidencia reciente sugiere que el estudio habitual es incompleto y/o poco sensible. En la última década el espectro clínico del hipercortisolismo de origen adrenal se ha ampliado de forma considerable, incluyendo casos leves que también se asocian a morbilidad cardiovascular e incluso mortalidad. Por otro lado, el hiperaldosteronismo primario también ha expandido su fenotipo más allá del clásicamente descrito con daño vascular avanzado, hipertensión resistente e hipokalemia, abarcando en la actualidad a pacientes asintomáticos, normotensos y normokalemicos. Por esta razón es imprescindible un correcto estudio protocolizado en todo incidentaloma suprarrenal, incluyendo una precisa caracterización radiológica, así como una evaluación hormonal sistemática utilizando puntos de corte más sensibles. Los hallazgos de este estudio son relevantes, pues permiten guiar de forma más individualizada el manejo médico y quirúrgico de estos pacientes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/diagnosis , Adrenal Gland Neoplasms , Incidental Findings , Hydrocortisone , Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/therapy , Aldosterone
9.
Med. interna Méx ; 33(6): 826-834, nov.-dic. 2017. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-954921

ABSTRACT

Resumen La rabdomiólisis es una afección con espectro de manifestación amplio que puede cursar desde una enfermedad leve asintomática hasta complicaciones mortales por desequilibrio hidroelectrolítico, arritmias o lesión renal aguda. Se comunica el caso de una paciente de 35 años de edad, hipertensa, que ingresó por debilidad muscular posterior a un cuadro gastrointestinal. Tenía hipocalemia severa, elevación de creatincinasa, función renal conservada, hipocalcemia y alcalosis metabólica. Su evaluación integral culminó en el diagnóstico de hiperaldosteronismo primario secundario a un adenoma productor de aldosterona que fue removido de manera quirúrgica sin complicaciones. La manifestación del síndrome de Conn con rabdomiólisis por hipocalemia es excepcional porque la mayoría de los casos se diagnostican con normocalemia o hipocalemia leve a partir del protocolo de hipertensión secundaria. Es necesario un alto nivel de sospecha y evaluación integral para llegar al diagnóstico certero.


Abstract Rhabdomyolysis is a condition with a broad spectrum of presentation that can range from mild asymptomatic disease to fatal complications due to electrolyte imbalance, arrhythmias and/or acute renal injury. We report the case of a 35-year-old woman, hypertensive, who was admitted for muscle weakness following a gastrointestinal condition. Biochemically with severe hypokalemia, elevated creatinekinase, conserved renal function, hypocalcemia and metabolic alkalosis. Their comprehensive evaluation culminated in the diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism secondary to an aldosterone-producing adenoma which was surgically removed without complications. The presentation of Conn's syndrome with hypokalemia rhabdomyolysis is exceptional since most cases are diagnosed with normokalemia or mild hypokalemia from the secondary hypertension protocol. A high level of suspicion and integral evaluation are necessary to arrive at the correct diagnosis.

10.
ARS med. (Santiago, En línea) ; 41(2): 42-49, 2016. Tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1016199

ABSTRACT

La hipertensión arterial (HTA) dependiente de mineralocorticoides representa actualmente una de las formas secundarias de hipertensión de mayor prevalencia. Entre las causas más prevalentes está el hiperaldosteronismo primario (HAP) cuya prevalencia es cercana al 10 por ciento de la población de hipertensos. El HAP se detecta principalmente por una elevación de la razón aldosterona a actividad renina plasmática (ARR), ya que la hipokalemia es infrecuente de encontrar. La fisiopatología del HAP se presenta como un desequilibrio en el control electrolítico a nivel renal, por mayor actividad del receptor mineralocorticoides (MR), lo cual aumenta el volumen intravascular y la presión arterial. Recientemente se ha demostrado también que el exceso de aldosterona afecta también el endotelio vascular, el tejido cardiaco entre otros. Este exceso puede ser por una alteración a nivel de la glándula suprarrenal (generalmente hiperplasia o adenoma) o formas genéticas (familiares). Por otra parte, alteraciones parciales o totales de la enzima 11ß-Hidroxiesteroide deshidrogenasa tipo 2 (11ß-HSD2) resulta en una metabolización total o parcial de cortisol, imitando los efectos de aldosterona sobre MR. La actividad de esta enzima se evalúa midiendo la razón cortisol a cortisona en suero por HPLC-MS/MS. La prevalencia de alteraciones parciales de la actividad de la enzima 11ß-HSD2 en estudios de cohorte alcanza en alrededor del 15 por ciento en población hipertensa. El diagnóstico del HAP o deficiencias de 11BHSD2, permitiría un tratamiento específico del cuadro hipertensivo mediantes el uso de bloqueadores del receptor mineralocorticoideo y/o uso de corticoides de acción prolongada sin actividad mineralocorticoidea como dexametasona o betametasona.(AU)


Mineralocorticoid arterial Hypertension represents currently one of the secondary forms of hypertension most prevalent. Among the most prevalent causes is the primary aldosteronism (PA) whose prevalence is close to 10 percect of the hypertensive population. PA is detected by elevated aldosterone to plasma renin activity ratio (ARR) and the hypokalemia is rare to find. The pathophysiology of PA is presented as a renal electrolyte imbalance, increasing mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activity, intravascular volume and blood pressure. Recently it has also shown that excessive aldosterone also affects vascular endothelium, heart tissue among others. This excess can be associated to an adrenal gland (usually hyperplasia or adenoma) or genetic (familiar) alteration. Similarly, partial or total impairment in 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11ß-HSD2) enzyme affects the cortisol metabolism, mimicking the effects of aldosterone on MR. The activity of this enzyme is evaluated by measuring the serum cortisol to cortisone ratio by HPLC-MS/MS. The prevalence of partial alterations of the activity of 11ß-HSD2 enzyme in cohort studies reached at around 15 percent in hypertensive population. The diagnosis of PA or an impairment in 11ß-HSD2 activity allows specific treatments of hypertensive patients using mineralocorticoid receptor blockers and/or use of long-acting corticosteroids without mineralocorticoid activity as dexamethasone or betamethasone.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Hyperaldosteronism , Hypertension , Hydrocortisone , Aldosterone , Mineralocorticoids
11.
Rev. argent. endocrinol. metab ; 50(2): 71-77, jul. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-694892

ABSTRACT

Está en discusión si la concentración de renina inmunoreactiva (CR) aporta la misma información que la actividad de renina plasmática (ARP), pero sí está demostrado que el índice aldosteronemia / ARP (ARR) presenta un mayor valor predictivo positivo que las determinaciones aisladas de ARP y de aldosterona (A) para el tamizaje del hiperaldosteronismo primario (HAP). En un estudio experimental prospectivo de 227 muestras consecutivas correspondientes a individuos ambulatorios, ninguno de ellos con diagnóstico definitivo de HAP, nos propusimos evaluar 1) la correlación de los resultados de un método automatizado para medir CR (LIAISON, DiaSorin) respecto de los de ARP (RIA, DiaSorin). 2) La Concordancia Diagnóstica Presuntiva (CDP) entre los resultados bioquímicos de CR y ARP. 3) La correlación entre los resultados de los cocientes A/CR (ACR) y ARR. Resultados: Hemos observado una correlación altamente significativa (p < 0,0001) entre los resultados de ARP y CR, con una CDP del 83 % para concentraciones medias y altas de ARP. Sin embargo, la CDP es menor y no aceptable para concentraciones bajas de ARP (< 1,3 ng/mL/hora). La correlación entre los resultados de ACR y ARR fue altamente significativa (p < 0,0001). Conclusiones: El método de CR sería de utilidad para un estudio inicial del paciente con el fin de descartar HAP. Para CR bajas, debería recurrirse a la medición de ARP que presenta mayor sensibilidad para valores bajos de Renina (R). Estudios poblacionales con mayor número de individuos son necesarios para confirmar estos resultados preliminares.


It is under discussion whether the results of immunoreactive renin concentration (RC) provide the same information as plasma renin activity (PRA). Additionally, it has been suggested that the determination of the aldosteronemia / PRA ratio (ARR) has a higher positive predictive value than isolated determinations of PRA and aldosterone (A) for screening of primary hyperaldosteronism (PHA). We designed an experimental and prospective study of 227 consecutive samples from ambulatory individuals, none of them with a definitive diagnosis of PHA. Our objective was to evaluate: 1) the correlation of results from an automated method to measure RC (LIAISON, DiaSorin) with respect to the PRA. (RIA, DiaSorin). 2) the presumptive diagnosis concordance (PDC) between the results of RC and PRA. 3) the correlation between the results of of the A/CR ratio (ACR) and ARR. Results: There is a high significant correlation (p < 0.0001) between results of PRA and RC, with a PDC = 83 % for regular and high PRA. However, PDC is low and not acceptable for low levels of PRA (< 1.3 ng/mL/hr). The correlation between the results of A/RC ratio (ACR) and ARR is highly significant (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: RC methodology would be useful for an initial study of a patient, in order to rule out PHA. For low levels of RC, would be necessary to additionally measure PRA, since it has higher sensitivity for low Renin (R) concentrations. Additional population studies with higher number of individuals will be necessary to confirm this preliminary data.

12.
Acta méd. colomb ; 38(2): 86-90, abr.-jun. 2013. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: lil-682356

ABSTRACT

El hiperaldosteronismo primario es la causa más frecuente de hipertensión de origen endocrino. El exceso de aldosterona se asocia a elevación de la presión arterial, hipokalemia, hiperglucemia e hipertrofa ventricular. La presencia de hipertensión arterial y niveles bajos de potasio en sangre, alertan al clínico a buscar una causa secundaria de hipertensión arterial. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 39 años de edad con síndrome de Conn (hiperaldosteronismo primario por adenoma suprarrenal), con confrmación bioquímica e imagenológica y posterior cirugía exitosa (adrenalectomía unilateral). Se presenta el enfoque del paciente con sospecha de hiperaldosteronismo, la interpretación de las pruebas actuales en nuestro medio y su pronóstico.


Primary hyperaldosteronism is the most common cause of hypertension of endocrine origin. Aldosterone excess is associated with elevated blood pressure, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia and ventricular hypertrophy. The presence of arterial hypertension and low potassium levels in the blood alert the clinician to search for a secondary cause of arterial hypertension. We present the case of a 39 year old with Conn's syndrome (primary aldosteronism by adrenal adenoma), with biochemical and imagiological confrmation and subsequent successful surgery (unilateral adrenalectomy). We present the approach to patients with suspected hyperaldosteronism, interpretation of current tests in our environment and its prognosis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Hypertension , Adrenocortical Adenoma , Aldosterone , Hyperaldosteronism , Hypokalemia
13.
Med. lab ; 18(5-6): 211-227, 2012. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-834719

ABSTRACT

El hiperaldosteronismo primario es una enfermedad que se caracteriza por la producción autónoma en exceso de aldosterona, que tiene como resultado la supresión de los niveles de renina, causando con frecuencia hipertensión arterial e hipokalemia. El hiperaldosteronismo primario es más común de lo que se pensaba. La alta prevalencia, el daño que causa al sistema cardiovascular y a los riñones, y el hecho de que un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportunos puedancorregir la hipertensión y la hipokalemia, justifican la búsqueda del hiperaldosteronismo primarioen muchos pacientes con hipertensión. Cuando se sospecha hiperaldosteronismo primario, sedeben realizar pruebas de tamización; la prueba de elección es la relación entre la concentración de aldosterona plasmática y la actividad de la renina plasmática. Posteriormente, se debe confirmar el diagnóstico con alguno de los métodos disponibles, como la carga oral de sodio o la prueba de infusión de solución salina, entre otros. Una vez se confirma el diagnóstico, el paso a seguir es determinar el subtipo de hiperaldosteronismo primario, lo cual es importante para determinar eltratamiento más adecuado. Finalmente, se deben hacer estudios de imaginología para identificar posibles lesiones en las glándulas adrenales.


Abstract: primary aldosteronism is a disease characterized by autonomous excess production of aldosterone, which results in the suppression of renin levels, often causing hypertension and hypokalemia. Primary hyperaldosteronism is more common than previously thought. The high prevalence causes damage to the cardiovascular system and kidneys, and the fact that a diagnosis and treatment can correct the hypertension and hypokalemia justifies the search of primary hyperaldosteronism in many patients with hypertension. When primary aldosteronism is suspected, screening tests should be performed; the recommended test is the aldosterone to renin ratio. Subsequently, the diagnosis should be confirmed by any of the available methods, such as the oral sodium loading test and saline infusion test, among others. After confirming the diagnosis, the next step is to determine the subtype of primary aldosteronism, which is important in determining the most appropriate treatment. Finally, imaging studies should be carried out to identify possible lesions in the adrenal glands.


Subject(s)
Humans , Aldosterone , Angiotensins , Hyperaldosteronism , Hypertension , Hypokalemia , Renin
14.
West Indian med. j ; 60(6): 674-677, Dec. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-672833

ABSTRACT

We report the case of a 48-year old man with uncontrolled hypertension and persistent hypokalaemia from an aldosterone producing adrenal adenoma treated by laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Clinicians' identification of primary hyperaldosteronism is critical as the correct treatment results in improved blood pressure control and reduced risk of complications.


Reportamos el caso de un hombre de 48 años de edad con hipertensión descontrolada e hipocalemia persistente a partir de un adenoma suprarrenal productor de aldosterona, tratado mediante adena-lectomía laparoscópica. La identificación de hiperaldosteronismo primario por parte de los clínicos es fundamental, ya que el tratamiento correcto trae como resultado un mejor control de la presión sanguínea a la par que reduce el riesgo de complicaciones.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/complications , Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/surgery , Adrenalectomy , Adrenocortical Adenoma/complications , Adrenocortical Adenoma/surgery , Hypertension/etiology , Hypokalemia/etiology , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
15.
Rev. costarric. cardiol ; 13(1): 29-34, jun. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-637516

ABSTRACT

Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 28 años de edad, hospitalizada por hipertensión arterial severa, edema pulmonar e hipokalemia. se encontró hiperaldosteronismo hiperreninémico e imagen de una lesión nodular en la glándula suprarrenal izquierda, la cual fue extirpada mediante cirugía laparoscópica. El estudio histológico demostró hiperplasia macronodular cortical y en el postoperatorio, hubo retorno progresivo de la hipertensión e hipokalemia


Subject(s)
Female , Adult , Adrenal Gland Diseases/diagnosis , Adrenal Gland Diseases/physiopathology , Heart Diseases , Hyperaldosteronism , Hyperplasia , Focal Nodular Hyperplasia/surgery , Focal Nodular Hyperplasia/diagnosis , Focal Nodular Hyperplasia/physiopathology , Costa Rica
16.
Rev. bras. hipertens ; 18(2): 46-66, abr.-jun. 2011. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-706327

ABSTRACT

A hipertensão arterial secundária é uma forma de hipertensão arterial na qual se identifica uma causa para a elevação da pressão arterial e para a qual, depois de corrigida, é possível melhor controle ou mesmo cura da hipertensão. A hipertensão arterial resistente (PA ≥ 140/90 mmHg em uso de três classes de anti-hipertensivos) é a principal condição clínica, em que a pesquisa de causas secundárias deve ser sempre realizada. A identificação da hipertensão secundária se baseia em dados de anamnese e exame físico e na realizaçãode exames complementares específicos para cada uma das etiologias. Dentre as principais causas, destacam-se a doença renal primária, a estenose de artéria renal, o hiperaldosteronismo primário, a síndrome de apneia obstrutiva do sono, a coarctação de aorta e o feocromocitoma. Esta revisão aborda o conceito, epidemiologia, fisiopatologia, diagnóstico clínico e tratamento das principais causas de hipertensão secundária, incluindo as novas evidências dos benefícios do tratamento das condições clínicas mais frequentes.


Secondary arterial hypertension is a form of arterial hypertension where it can be identified a cause for blood pressure elevation, and after correction it could be possible a better control or even cure of hypertension. Resistant hypertension (BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg on three antihypertensive drugs) is the main clinical condition where the research for secondary causes has to be done. Identification of secondary hypertension is based on data from clinical history and physical examination, and also in complementary specific exams for each one of etiologies. Primary renal disease, renal artery stenosis, primary aldosteronism, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, aorta coarctation and pheochromocytoma are among the most frequent causes. This revision describes the definition, epidemiology, physiopathology, clinical diagnosis and treatment of the main causes of secondary hypertension, including new evidences on the treatment of the most frequent diseases.


Subject(s)
Humans , Hyperaldosteronism , Hypertension, Renovascular , Kidney Diseases , Pheochromocytoma , Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
17.
Rev. argent. endocrinol. metab ; 47(2): 27-39, Apr.-June 2010. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-641971

ABSTRACT

El hiperaldosteronismo primario (HAP) es una afección caracterizada por la producción inapropiadamente elevada y una relativa autonomía del sistema renina-angiotensina. Estimaciones previas, basadas sólo en la evaluación de hipertensos con hipokalemia, consideraban al HAP como una causa poco frecuente de hipertensión (1%). Sin embargo, estudios actuales fundamentados en el cálculo de la relación aldosterona/ actividad de renina plasmática (RAA) arrojan una incidencia mayor (5-10%), siendo la hipertensión arterial (HTA) normokalémica la presentación más frecuente. Dada la amplitud de los valores de corte de la RAA, el Departamento de Suprarrenal de SAEM diseñó un estudio multicéntrico prospectivo en una población de Argentina con el objetivo de establecer nuestro propio valor y determinar así la prevalencia de HAP. Fueron estudiados 353 individuos de ambos sexos, 104 controles normotensos, sin antecedentes familiares de HTA y 249 pacientes hipertensos. Se indicó dieta normosódica y la suspensión de antihipertensivos que interfieran con el eje mineralocorticoideo. Las determinaciones de la actividad de renina plasmática (ARP), DIA-SorinRIA, y de aldosterona, RIA-DPC, fueron realizadas en un único laboratorio. Se realizó ionograma y se evaluaron parámetros clínicos y bioquímicos de síndrome metabólico. La RAA calculada según el percentilo 95 en los controles, fue establecida en la cifra de 36 como valor de corte para sospechar HAP en los hipertensos, requiriéndose una concentración de aldosterona >15 ng/ml. Con una RAA≥36, se realizaron pruebas confirmatorias de sobrecarga salina o de fludrocortisona. La RAA fue ≥36 en 31/249 pacientes, confirmándose HAP en 8 (7 adenomas y 1 hiperplasia), con una prevalencia del 3.2%. Los restantes no completaron estudios confirmatorios. La presencia de síndrome metabólico fue similar en los hipertensos con y sin HAP. En conclusión, este primer estudio multicéntrico argentino determinó nuestro valor de corte de la RAA en 36. Su aplicación permitió establecer una prevalencia de HAP del 3,2% que, aunque podría estar subestimada, resulta significativamente mayor que la previa histórica y concuerda con la incidencia referida en la bibliografía.


Primary hyperaldosteronism (PHA) or Conn's disease was classically suspected in the presence of hypertension (H) and hypokalemia. It was previously considered as a rare cause of H, being reported in only 1% of hypertensive patients. It can be caused by an adrenal adenoma (the former usual presentation) or by adrenal hyperplasia. But since the use of the aldosterone/plasma renin activity ratio (AAR) as the screening method in the last years, it is currently considered as almost the most frequent cause of secondary H., accounting for 5-10% of essential H. Plasma rennin activity (PRA) determination is a laborious procedure with low reproducibility and it directly affects the AAR; thus each laboratory must assess its own cut-off value. Therefore, in the Adrenal Department of the Argentine Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (SAEM), we performed this multicentric prospective study of a population of Argentina with the aim of assessing our own AAR cut-off level in normotensive controls in order to apply it for PHA screening in essential hypertensive patients. We studied 353 adult subjects: 104 controls, aged 45,18 ± 13,78 years-old ( X±SD), with no history of arterial hypertension in their first-degree relatives and with two separate day-registry of blood pressure≤ 139/85 mmHg and 249 hypertensive patients, aged 51± 13,6 years-old ( X ± SD), with arterial blood pressure≥ 140/90 mmHg in the sitting position. Subjects with cardiac, renal, hepatic and neurological diseases were excluded as well as those with Cushing´s syndrome, hyperthyroidism, untreated hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus and patients under glucocorticoids, oral contraceptive pills or estrogen therapy. A normal sodium diet was indicated and potassium was supplemented when needed. Blood was withdrawn between 8 and 10:00 a.m. with the subjects in the upright position. Aldosterone (A) was determined by DPC radioimmunoassay (RIA) and PRA, by DIA-Sorin RIA. The A normal levels are 4-30 ng/dl for ambulatory individuals on a normal sodium diet and the PRA normal values are < 3,3 ng/ml/h. In order to avoid false positive results in the hypertensive group, AAR was calculated when A was above 15 ng/dl. We measured the waist circumference and we determined the body mass index. Blood sodium, potassium, calcium, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglyceride and liver function tests were performed. Statistical Analysis and Results Since the AAR variable showed a non-normal distribution, the cut-off value was considered as the 95th percentile in the control group, which was calculated as 36. This is also in accordance to the function of the empirical distribution of Collings and Hamilton. In our 249 hypertensive patients, 31 had an AAR ≥ 36. PHA was confirmed in 8: seven has an adrenal adenoma and one had hyperplasia. The prevalence of PHA in our population was 3,2 %, with a 95th confidence interval ranging from 1,4 to 6,2 %. In the remaining 23 patients, confirmatory tests could not be completed. There was no correlation between the severity of the hypertension and the AAR value, with no statistical significant differences between those with or without PHA. Likewise, we found no correlation between PRA and advancing age. In hypertensive patients, metabolic syndrome was more prevalent than in controls, but it was present to the same extent in those with or without PHA. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first multicentric study performed in Argentina to determine the aldosterone/ plasma renin activity ratio in our normotensive control population. Our AAR value of 36 agrees with the levels reported in the international literature: thus an AAR ≥ 36 along with an aldosterone ≥ 15 ng/ml in hypertensive patients lead us to suspect PHA and to perform confirmatory tests. Applying these criteria, we found a prevalence of 3,2% of PHA in essential HTA. It is possible that this value may be underestimated due to the fact that confirmatory tests could not be completed in all the hypertensive subjects with an AAR≥ 36. In spite of this, our prevalence is significantly greater than the historical one and it lies in the range reported in the literature.

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